Horse 38-VII
MAMMALIA
Laurasiatheria
 
 
Horses are in the order Perissodactyla.



Chapter Outline
  1. Description of Mammalia
  2. Classification of Mammalia
  3. Prototheria
  4. Metatheria
  5. Eutheria
  6. Afrotheria
  7. Laurasiatheria
  8. Cetartiodactyla
  9. Carnivora
  10. Euarchontoglires
  11. Primates
  12. Hominidae

Tree
NCBI Tree | Paleo Tree



Links to external sites will appear in pop-up windows.		  
Laurasiatheria is divided into six classifications. Four of the orders are discussed on this page while the other two classifications are discussed on the following pages. The following pages will discuss Cetartiodactyla, a classification that includes whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc., and Carnivora, the order of carnivores.

This page includes Perissodactyla, the order of horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses, Insectivora, the order of shrews and moles, Pholidota, the order of pangolins, and Chiroptera, the order of bats.

  • Laurasiatheria
    • Perissodactyla - Horses, Tapirs, Rhinoceroses
    • Insectivora - Hedgehogs, Shrews, Moles
    • Pholidota - Pangolins
    • Chiroptera - Bats
    • Cetartiodactyla [38-VIII]
    • Carnivora [38-IX]
  • Euarchontoglires [38-X]

PERISSODACTYLA 

Perissodactyla contains the Odd-Toed Ungulates: Horses, Rhinos and Tapirs. Horses have a single toe on each foot while Rhinos and Tapirs have three toes on each foot. There are extinct species of horses that provide very good evidence for the transition from five to one toe.

  • FAMILY EQUIDAE - HORSES
    • Burro/Donkey (Equus asinus) - Arizona (Oatman) - 2023
    • Somali Wild Ass (Equus asinus somalicus) - St. Louis Zoo - 2022
    • Horse (Equus caballus) - Assateague Island, Wyoming, Kansas - 2017
    • Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi) - SCZ - 2018
    • Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii) - Denver Zoo - 2023
    • Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) - San Diego Zoo
    • Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) - Omaha Zoo - 2017
       
    • Hagerman Horse (Equus simplicidens) [Extinct] - Hagerman Fossil Beds - 2014
    • Early Horse (Merychippus) [Extinct] - KUNHM
    • "Middle" Horse (Mesohippus bairdii) [Extinct] - Field Museum, KUNHM - 2014
    • Common (Plesippus) [Extinct] - KUNHM
    • Common (Pliohippus) [Extinct] - Field Museum, KUNHM - 2014
    • Common (Protorohippus) [Extinct] - Fossil Butte
  • FAMILY RHINOCEROTIDAE - RHINOS
    • Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) - Albuquerque Zoo - 2020
    • Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) - SCZ & KC Zoos - 2017
    • Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) - Oklahoma City Zoo - 2021
    • Northern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) - Only 3 individuals existed in the world in 2015 [https://theconversation.com/only-a-jurassic-park-style-intervention-can-now-save-the-northern-white-rhino-51333]
       
    • Rhino-like animal (Menoceras arikarense) [Extinct] - Agate Fossil Beds, KUNHM - 2016
    • Early Rhinoceros (Teleoceras major) [Extinct] - Field Museum - 2014
    • Early Rhinoceros (Trigonias osborni) [Extinct] - Field Museum - 2014
  • FAMILY TAPIRIDAE - TAPIRS
    • Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) - Omaha Zoo - 2017
    • Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) - Omaha Zoo - 2017
    • South American Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) - Peru - 1997
Extinct Families
  • FAMILY AMYNODONTIDAE
    • Rhino-like animal (Amynodon) [Extinct] - KUNHM
  • FAMILY BRONTOTHERIIDAE - TITANOTHERES
    • Titanothere (Megacerops acer) [Extinct] - DMNS
    • Elephant-like animal (Menops) [Extinct] - KUNHM
    • Titanothere (Sphenocoelus uintensis) [Extinct] - DMNS
  • FAMILY CHALICOTHERIIDAE - CHALICOTHERES
    • Chalicothere (Moropus elatus) [Extinct] - Agate Fossil Beds, Field Museum - 2016
  • FAMILY MENODONTIDAE - TITANOTHERES
    • Titanothere (Menodus) [Extinct] - Field Museum - 2014
  • FAMILY PALAEOTHERIIDAE - EXTINCT HORSES
    • Early Horse (Hyracotherium) [Extinct] - Field Museum, KUNHM - 2014
Resources:
EULIPOTYPHYLA (INSECTIVORA) 

This order of Moles and Shrews was formerly known as Insectivora. 33 species have been observed from this order in the U.S., with more than a single observation, in iNaturalist. The most commonly observed species is the Northern Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda), found in the Noertheastern quadrant of the U.S., followed by the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus), which lives in most of the eastern U.S.

  • FAMILY ERINACEIDAE
    • African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) - Omaha Zoo - 2006
  • FAMILY SOLENODONTIDAE
    • Solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus) - Northern Caribbean - EOL
  • FAMILY SORICIDAE
    • Northern Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) - Pictured Rocks, Voyageurs, Adirondacks, Smokies
    • Merriam's Shrew (Sorex merriami) - Mono Lake (VC Exhibit)
  • FAMILY TALPIDAE
    • Common Mole (Scalopus aquaticus) - Kansas (Baker Wetlands), Smokies
Resources:

PHOLIDOTA - PANGOLINS 

The order Pholidota contains a single family of Pangolins, called Manidae. Pangolins are native to Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeastern Asia. Pangolins have been difficult to keep in captivity but zoos in the U.S. are learning and getting better.

  • Tree Pangolin (Manis tricuspis) - Brookfield Zoo
Resources:
CHIROPTERATRIP 9

Chiroptera is the order of bats. It is split into two suborders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera.

No representatives from Megachiroptera are native to the U.S. but they are somewhat common in zoos.

46 species from Microchiroptera are native to the U.S. with the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and the Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) being the most commonly observed.

  • SUBORDER MEGACHIROPTERA
  • SUBORDER MICROCHIROPTERA
    • FAMILY CRASEONYCTERIDAE
      • Old World Hog-Nosed Bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai) - Indochina
    • FAMILY EMBALLONURIDAE
      • Sac-Winged, Sheath-Tailed & Ghost Bats ()
    • FAMILY FURIPTERIDAE
      • Thumbless Bat (Furipterus horrens) - South America
    • FAMILY MEGADERMATIDAE
      • False Vampire Bats (Megaderma & Macroderma spp.)
    • FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE
      • Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) (3,145) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Pocketed Free-Tailed Bat (Nyctinomops femorosacca) (37) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Big Free-Tailed Bat (Nyctinomops macrotis) (28) - Carlsbad Caverns
    • FAMILY MORMOOPIDAE - NAKED-BACKED BATS
      • Ghost-Faced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla) - Big Bend
    • FAMILY MYSTACINIDAE
      • New Zealand Lesser Short-Tailed Bat (Mystacina tuberculata) - New Zealand
    • FAMILY MYZOPODIDAE
      • Golden Bat (Myzopoda aurita) - Madagascar
    • FAMILY NATALIDAE
      • Funnel-Eared Bats (Natalus spp.) - Central to South America and Caribbean
    • FAMILY NOCTILIONIDAE
      • Greater Bulldog Bat (Noctilio leporinus) - Omaha Zoo - 2021 - EOL
    • FAMILY NYCTERIDAE
      • Slit-Faced Bats (Nycteris spp.) - Predominantly Africa
    • FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
      • Lesser Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) (160) - Saguaro NP
      • Long-Tongued Bat (Choeronycteris mexicana) (123)- Saguaro NP
      • California Leaf-Nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus) (61)- Sonoran Desert Museum, Sonoran Desert
      • Short-Tailed Fruit Bat (Carollia perspicillata) - Omaha Zoo - - EOL
      • Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) - SCZ & Omaha Zoos - 2021
      • Pallas' Long-Tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina) - Omaha Zoo - 2017
      • Southern Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris curasoae) - Saguaro NP
      • Mexican Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) - Saguaro, Carlsbad
      • Spear-Nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus) - Omaha Zoo - 2021 - EOL
    • FAMILY RHINOLOPHIDAE
      • Short-Tailed Leaf-Nosed Bat (Hipposideros curtus) - St. Louis Zoo
    • FAMILY RHINOPOMATIDAE
      • Mouse-Tailed Bat (Rhinopoma hardwickei) - Middle-East
    • FAMILY THYROPTERIDAE
      • Disk-Winged Bats (Thyroptera spp.) - Central and South America
    • FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE
      • Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) (4,919) - Carlsbad, Saguaro
      • Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis) (2,579) - Smokies, Carlsbad, Big Bend
      • Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) (1,151) - Carlsbad, Saguaro
      • Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus) (959) - Carlsbad, Saguaro
      • Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus) (752) - Carlsbad, Saguaro
      • Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis) (727) - Smokies, Everglades, Tallgrass
      • Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) (537) - Carlsbad, White Sands
      • Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) (518) - Saguaro
      • California Myotis (Myotis californicus) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Yuma Myotis (Myotis yumanensis) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevillii) - Carlsbad Caverns
      • Western Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus hesperus) - Carlsbad Caverns
Resources:
  • Bats - San Diego Zoo

[ Previous Page ][ Next Page ]